Impressionism was an influential 19th century art movement that focused on capturing the fleeting effects of light and colour in nature. Led by Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and others, Impressionist painters used loose, visible brushstrokes and en plein air techniques to depict scenes of modern life. Though initially controversial, Impressionism transformed European painting and paved the way for modern art.

Cubism is an influential art style that emerged in the early 20th century, specifically around 1907 and extending through the 1920s.